Design tips: 4 elements to create a stunning fall garden

Updated Sep 5, 2024

Late summer is the perfect time to take stock and watch your customer’s landscape, as some plants will already begin turning or thinning out. In addition, if you want to do some editing, early to mid-fall is probably the very best time to be planting — it’s much easier on you and the plants while giving the new additions time to settle in before winter.guest-post-attribution-box

When I was 10, my family moved from Oklahoma to Minnesota. Not only was the physical process a shock to my system, but so too was the environmental change. Overwhelmingly hot, dry summers that could last five to six months were replaced by moodier swings in weather, with shorter summers and longer winters that seemed to go on and on, like a dentist appointment.

But what struck me most that first autumn in Minnesota was the small woods in our new neighborhood. I’d visit it after school, transfixed by the rich musks of a spongy ground beneath me and the speckled, shifting rays of light punching through the canopy. It was magical. I witnessed a deeper sense of seasons in Minnesota. In essence, fall became my favorite time of year precisely because it woke me to the natural environment in profound ways.

As a gardener I’ve let fall be my pot of gold at the end of the rainbow, so to speak. Almost every decision I make in spring is geared toward fall, from plant selection to placement. I’ve come to adore many species of asters, goldenrods, and grasses, and have seen that perennials offer as much stunning leaf color as shrubs and trees. Let’s look at some design strategies that can provide a stunning fall garden from the ground level all the way to the treetops.

Diverse structure

A lot of fall gardening seems to come down to trees — but there is opportunity for more. If the fall garden just comes from trees, we’re severely limiting our customers’ landscapes’ potential. Having a diverse structure supercharges autumn, and this means planting with trees, shrubs, perennials, grasses, and ground covers.

I love my elm, willow, and birch for yellow color, my maple for red, and my oak for orange. Understory trees like chokecherry (Prunus virginiana) and serviceberry (Amelanchier spp.) provide orange and red, respectively. Then there are various species of Viburnum, dogwood (Cornus spp.), and Itea shrubs for all kinds of color. Sedum and prairie smoke (Geum triflorum) provide lovely hues at ground level. When we think beyond trees, we can create a more multidimensional garden that really knocks our socks off — and not just in October.

fall landscape

Photo: James Golden

Look at the structure of this more naturalistic garden. A low overhanging tree limb in the front echoes the tall stand of trees in the background mist. Up front, low perennials have turned into their late-autumn rusts and browns, and behind the glassy water, grasses mix with dried stems of flowers. You’ll also notice some evergreen Thuja toward the right. That’s a nice structure, which creates a lot of visual interest, subtly shifting with each new day. Exciting!

 Liatris ligulistylis

Photo: Benjamin Vogt / Monarch Gardens

Perennials turn lovely colors, too. Here is Liatris ligulistylis, which can take on rainbow shades one year and be bright yellow the next. It always depends on summer and fall rain, as well as a perfect blend of warm days and cool nights. The vertical structure pairs nicely with the wispier, more horizontal angles of grasses and sprawling shrubs.

Contrasting texture

Grasses provide easy texture and sound, and their colors often can’t be beat. Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans) is a tall species that turns bright oranges, and bluestem goes for scarlets. Of course, the seeds heads are often quite ornamental throughout the winter.

When you place grasses among perennials and even shrubs, you can create excitement, as the relatively sharp, woody stems mingle with the soft, undulating fingers of grass. It’s exciting to play around with this sort of textural juxtaposition.

Photo: Benjamin Vogt / Monarch GardensPhoto: Benjamin Vogt / Monarch Gardens

Grasses aren’t the only game in town. Here is Amsonia hubrichtii, which turns bright yellow before quickly diving into orange, rust and brown. Planted in drifts and en masse, it’s a stunning show that in this image really softens the hard lines of the deck and arbor. 

Photo: Bayberry & CompanyPhoto: Bayberry & Company

Negative space

The use of negative space, in both landscapes and visual arts (like painting or sculpture), is a common design strategy. This is an area void of very much, if any, plant material; a place where the eye and body can take a break from the relative noise of flowers and leaves.

Here you can see a pathway beneath low trees, and how the eye is drawn deeper into the landscape due to the element of absence — that’s a metaphor for experiencing a garden if ever I saw one.

gravel area with reflecting pool

Photo: James Golden

Ponds, pools and hardscapes can also create negative space. Here the reflecting pool and surrounding gravel at first seem to clash with the grass, perennials and tall trees farther back. But in reality, this blank space helps us appreciate and enjoy — if not better focus on — the plants surrounding it. Without a space where we can rest our senses, we might soon be overwhelmed — it’s like catching your breath while running. Even just a bench can be an ornamental element that provides a visual and physical respite all at once.

overgrown garden

Photo: James Golden

Sculpture

I’ve always been a fan of art in the garden, especially abstract art, which seems to help the eye settle while drawing it further into the landscape. If this sculpture had been a flower or a tree shape, I think I’d look right past it; instead, the juxtaposing, rounded shape plays against the straight stems of fall perennials, and this makes me look deeper and longer into the landscape. I know this sounds sort of Zen, but it’s true, don’t you think?

Photo: Bliss Garden DesignPhoto: Bliss Garden Design

Even a few simple pots can provide an element of art, and sometimes at a more affordable price. Place them along a path or even along a border; experimenting by moving them around could open your client to some design surprises and delightful serendipity your customer might not have experienced in the garden before.

winter ridden plants

Photo: Benjamin Vogt / Monarch Gardens

Ongoing interest

Once the fall color show is over, texture and structure don’t end. Not by a long shot. Perennials, grasses and shrubs still have so much to offer — especially with ornamental seed heads. American senna (Senna hebecarpa), coneflowers (Echinacea spp.), bush clover (Lespedeza spp.), Joe Pye Weed (Eupatorium purpureum), and Baptisia are some flowering perennials whose seed heads are outstanding design elements in a fall and winter garden. What’s more, once the snow starts flying, your customer will be glad you left the garden up — it’s gorgeous. Of course, lots of wildlife will also thank you, from bees to butterflies to frogs, who all overwinter in hollow stems and under leaves.

As your customers observe their gardens’ transition from summer to fall,  ask them to think about what structure, texture, and negative space might be missing. Are the missing elements up high, in the middle, or down low? Is one area dominated by grasses or shrubs and so seems a little too simple or drab? What would happen if you mix plant types? Where is fall color absent?

When they look out of the window in winter at the bones of the garden, where do they wish it had more places where the eye could rest? Where might a simple pot or sculpture help tie together a plant grouping or bring them deeper into the design? When spring rolls around and you can implement new ideas, they’ll be itching for fall to come around again.

EDITOR’S NOTE: This article is from Houzz and was written by Benjamin Vogt. Vogt owns Monarch Gardens LLC, a prairie garden consulting and design firm based in Lincoln, Nebraska. He speaks nationally on native plants, sustainable design, and landscape ethics.

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